This is how I work with LR: I import into my photo library from my SD card and name the folder with a name like this "160426 Dodd shoot". Then I adjust the images. When one image or 100 images are needed, I select and export through the File>Export dialog into a folder. If you want to change one image in an exported folder of 100 images, then you can make changes to the one image in LR (you don't have to re-import, as it is already there) and export it back out to the folder. It will ask you if you want to overwrite the first file of that name that you put into the folder, or do you want to give this a unique name. You overwrite, and now the newly edited image is in your folder with the other 99. If for some reason, you want to add an image that was not in the original "160426 Dodd shoot" folder, then you can add the image (say from Photoshop or other) by physically putting the file into your Lightroom Photo Library on your disk and then going into the Library Module and right clicking on Lightroom Library>Lightroom Photo Library>2016>160426 Dodd shoot. Choose synchronize. LR will add the photo so that you can make changes and then export.
When you use the export dialog, you can give your files new names, such as Dodd Wedding 1, and LR will name each of the 100 with a unique name( or you could have added Dodd Wedding to the originals on import...this is all unique to how you like to work). You can export one folder for printing and one folder for web size shots, etc. You never re-import these images, since you always have the edited originals in the Library.
My hierarchy on my physical disk is Lightroom photo library>2016>160426 Dodd shoot. Every year I start a new folder by year under the Lightroom photo library. All my folders line up by date and I can easily find a folder. I keep the whole Lightroom Library on a 5TB external drive (library, catalog, cache, etc.). It is easy to back up or move this way.
This was not part of your question, but I use 3 Sony cameras, so on import, I append the name of the camera to the file (such as RX1RII_DSC1656.ARW, A7RII_DSC1459.ARW, etc.) Since I send them all to the same folder for a given shoot, I don't want any conflict with the names. I do this all through the Lightroom Import dialog. I also have a copy written to my backup disk at the same time. I have another backup disk offline at all times, so that if there is a fatal error of some type, I will not loose everything. Periodically, I move a copy of the hard disk to my bank deposit vault.
