Roger Cicala wrote a couple articles a decade ago about the impact sensor stack thickness has on lenses that were not designed for that sensor.
This one is the most detailed exploration of the effects of the glass in a sensor stack that I've ever found:
https://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/the-glass-in-the-path-sensor-stacks-and-adapted-lenses/ It is linked from this other one more accessible article, but the link is broken:
https://www.lensrentals.com/blog/2014/06/sensor-stack-thickness-when-does-it-matter/
Some of the comments on the first article are intriguing and may offer insight into why adjusting the cell spacing on my wide symmetrical lenses makes them usable on the thick sensor of GFX cameras. Alas, I lack the optics theory to be sure.